Fuente: http://www.elmundo.es – EFE
El arquitecto chino Wang Shu, de 48 años, ha sido galardonado este 27 de febrero con el premio Pritzker, considerado el Nobel de la Arquitectura, por una obra artesanal, respetuosa con el medio ambiente y de gran profundidad filosófica, en la que conviven de forma armoniosa tradición y modernidad.
Wang, nacido el 4 de noviembre de 1963 en Urumqi, en la remota región uigur de Xinjiang, sólo ha trabajado dentro de China y ha desarrollado la mayor parte de su obra en Hangzhou, a 170 kilómetros al suroeste de Shangai, donde dirige desde 1997 junto a su esposa, Lu Wenyu, el Estudio de Arquitectura Amateur.
El presidente de la Fundación Hyatt, promotora de este premio a lo largo de 34 ediciones, Thomas J. Pritzker, informó hoy del fallo del jurado, presidido por Lord Palumbo y del que forman parte el chileno Alejandro Aravena y la británico-iraquí Zaha Hadid, entre otros. Wang Shu sucede en el palmarés al portugués Eduardo Souto de Moura.
Importancia del galardón para China
“El hecho de que se haya elegido a un arquitecto chino supone un importante paso en el reconocimiento del papel que va a jugar China en el desarrollo de los ideales arquitectónicos. Además, el éxito del urbanismo chino en las próximas décadas será importante, no ya para China, sino para el mundo entero”, señaló Pritzker.
“Este urbanismo, como el del resto del mundo, requiere estar en armonía con la cultura y las necesidades locales” y, en el caso de China, debe compatibilizar “sus tradiciones y su pasado con las exigencias de un desarrollo sostenible”, añadió el promotor del galardón.
El premio consiste en 100.000 dólares (unos 74.600 euros) y una medalla de bronce con una inscripción latina en su reverso: “Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas” (Firmeza, Utilidad y Belleza), el lema de Vitruvio, considerado uno de los ‘padres’ de la Arquitectura. El galardón se entrega cada año en distintas ciudades y en esta ocasión, y por primera vez en su historia, la ceremonia se trasladará el 25 de mayo a Pekín.
Un poco de historia
En ocasiones anteriores el premio lo han ganado arquitectos como el francés Jean Nouvel, los británicos Norman Foster y Richard Rogers, el español Rafael Moneo, el italiano Renzo Piano, el mexicano Luis Barragán, los estadounidenses Frank Gehry y Richard Meier, los brasileños Óscar Niemeyer y Paulo Mendes de Rocha y los portugueses Álvaro Siza y Eduardo Souto de Moura, galardonado el año pasado.
Wang Shu es el segundo chino en obtener el Pritzker, tras I.M. Pei en 1983. Estadounidense pero de origen chino, Pei se formó en Harvard y en el Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts (MIT) y es autor de obras como la pirámide del Louvre y la Biblioteca y Museo Presidencial John F. Kennedy.
La obra de Wang Shu
Tres de las obras principales de Wang Shu son la Biblioteca del Colegio Wenzheng en la Universidad de Suzhou, el Museo de Historia de la ciudad portuaria de Ningbo y el Campus Xiangshan de Bellas Artes de Hangzhou, así como el pabellón de Tengtou-Ningbo en la Exposición Universal de Shangai.
Prueba de su amor por el medio ambiente y la economía de materiales es su decisión de aprovechar dos millones de tejas procedentes de demoliciones de casas tradicionales para cubrir el techo de varios edificios del campus de Hangzhou. Defensor de los materiales artesanales y tradicionales, Wang ha crecido en una ciudad que ha visto destruir el 90 por ciento de su arquitectura tradicional en sólo 30 años con el rápido desarrollo económico, como recordaba hace un mes en París, según “Le Courrier de l’Architecte”.
Wang, que encuentra su mayor placer trabajando como un artesano o un ‘amateur’ -de ahí el nombre de su estudio-, es partidario de la ‘slow-build‘ (la construcción lenta), según esta publicación.
“Hace cien años, el ritmo de vida chino era más lento que en la cultura occidental. En cien años, nos hemos convertido en los más rápidos. No tenemos tiempo para reflexionar”, se lamentaba en una conferencia en la Escuela de Chaillot el 31 de enero pasado.
Acerca del premio, “ha sido una enorme sorpresa. Me siento tremendamente honrado de recibir el Premio Pritzker. Me ha hecho darme cuenta de la cantidad de cosas que he hecho en la última década. Y es una prueba de que el trabajo duro y la perseverancia conducen a resultados positivos“, señaló Wang a los organizadores.
La opinión del jurado
Los miembros del jurado consideran que el arquitecto ha sabido traspasar el dilema entre la tradición y la modernidad para construir una obra “atemporal, profundamente arraigada en su contexto y pese a ello universal”, en palabras del chileno Alejandro Aravena, miembro del jurado, según recoge un comunicado de la organización.
Tras ver “en profundidad” el trabajo de Wang Shu en China, el jurado subraya que el galardonado ejemplifica “la capacidad de la arquitectura actual de arraigarse en un suelo cultural local e incorporar profundos ecos de una tradición específica”, declaró Juhani Pallasmaa.
Otro de los miembros del jurado, Justice Stephen Breyer, acentuó la juventud del premiado, de 48 años, lo que constituye “un mensaje de optimismo, reconocimiento y esperanza” que pronostica que creará más trabajos similares en un futuro.
El jurado ha insistido en la importancia que adquiere la creatividad arquitectónica en China en pleno crecimiento demográfico y urbanístico: “Demuestra que la arquitectura en China es más que una producción en masa impulsada por un mercado banal y la reproducción de lo exótico”, consideró Yung Ho Chang.
Para Glenn Murcutt, el profesional chino ha aportado modernidad, racionalidad, poesía y madurez que enriquecen la historia, cultura y arquitectura del país asiático. “Su uso transformativo de materiales y motivos antiguos es altamente original y estimulante”, destaca Zaha Hadid. El presidente del jurado, Lord Palumbo, concluyó que no hay duda de estar ante una obra maestra.
Comunicado Pritzker 2012
http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2012/announcement
Wang Shu of The People’s Republic of China Is the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate
Wang Shu, a 48 year old architect whose architectural practice is based in Hangzhou, The People’s Republic of China, will be the recipient of the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize, it was announced today by Thomas J. Pritzker, chairman of The Hyatt Foundation which sponsors the prize. The formal ceremony for what has come to be known throughout the world as architecture’s highest honor will be in Beijing on May 25.
In announcing the jury’s choice, Pritzker elaborated, “The fact that an architect from China has been selected by the jury, represents a significant step in acknowledging the role that China will play in the development of architectural ideals. In addition, over the coming decades China’s success at urbanization will be important to China and to the world. This urbanization, like urbanization around the world, needs to be in harmony with local needs and culture. China’s unprecedented opportunities for urban planning and design will want to be in harmony with both its long and unique traditions of the past and with its future needs for sustainable development.”
The purpose of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, which was founded in 1979 by the late Jay A. Pritzker and his wife, Cindy, is to honor annually a living architect whose built work demonstrates a combination of those qualities of talent, vision and commitment, which has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment through the art of architecture. The laureates receive a $100,000 grant and a bronze medallion.
Pritzker Prize jury chairman, The Lord Palumbo, spoke from his home in the United Kingdom, quoting from the jury citation that focuses on the reasons for this year’s choice: “The question of the proper relation of present to past is particularly timely, for the recent process of urbanization in China invites debate as to whether architecture should be anchored in tradition or should look only toward the future. As with any great architecture, Wang Shu´s work is able to transcend that debate, producing an architecture that is timeless, deeply rooted in its context and yet universal.”
Wang earned his first degree in architecture at the Nanjing Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture in 1985. Three years later, he received his Masters Degree at the same institute. When he first graduated from school, he went to work for the Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts in Hangzhou undertaking research on the environment and architecture in relation to the renovation of old buildings. Nearly a year later, he was at work on his first architectural project—the design of a 3600 square meter Youth Center for the small town of Haining (near Hangzhou). It was completed in 1990.
For nearly all of the next ten years, he worked with craftsmen to gain experience at actual building and without the responsibility of design. In 1997, Wang Shu and his wife, Lu Wenyu, founded their professional practice in Hangzhou, naming it “Amateur Architecture Studio.” He explains the name, “For myself, being an artisan or a craftsman, is an amateur or almost the same thing.” His interpretation of the word is relatively close to one of the unabridged dictionary’s definitions: “a person who engages in a study, sport or other activity for pleasure rather than for financial benefit or professional reasons.” In Wang Shu’s interpretation, the word “pleasure” might well be replaced by “love of the work.”
By the year 2000, he had completed his first major project, the Library of Wenzheng College at Suzhou University. In keeping with his philosophy of paying scrupulous attention to the environment, and with careful consideration of traditions of Suzhou gardening which suggests that buildings located between water and mountains should not be prominent, he designed the library with nearly half of the building underground. Also, four additional buildings are much smaller than the main body. In 2004, the library received the Architecture Arts Award of China.
His other major projects completed, all in China, include in 2005, the Ningbo Contemporary Art Museum and five scattered houses in Ningbo which received acknowledgment from the Holcim Awards for Sustainable Construction in the Asia Pacific. In that same city, he completed the Ningbo History Museum in 2008. In his native city of Hangzhou, he did the first phase of the Xiangshan Campus of the China Academy of Art in 2004, and then completed phase two of the same campus in 2007.
True to his methods of economy of materials, he salvaged over two million tiles from demolished traditional houses to cover the roofs of the campus buildings. That same year in Hangzhou, he built the Vertical Courtyard Apartments, consisting of six 26-story towers, which was nominated in 2008 for the German-based International High-Rise Award. Also finished in 2009 in Hangzhou, was the Exhibition Hall of the Imperial Street of Southern Song Dynasty. In 2006, he completed the Ceramic House in Jinhua.
Other international recognition includes the French Gold Medal from the Academy of Architecture in 2011. The year before, both he and his wife, Lu Wenyu, were awarded the German Schelling Architecture Prize.
Since 2000, Wang Shu has been the head of the Architecture Department of the China Academy of Art in Hangzhou, the institution where he did research on the environment and architecture when he first graduated from school. Last year, he became the first Chinese architect to hold the position of “Kenzo Tange Visiting Professor” at Harvard Graduate School of Design in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He is also a frequent visiting lecturer at many universities around the world, including in the United States: UCLA, Harvard, University of Texas, University of Pennsylvania. He has participated in a number of major international exhibitions in Venice, Hong Kong, Brussels, Berlin and Paris.
Upon learning that he was being honored, Wang Shu had this reaction: “This is really a big surprise. I am tremendously honored to receive the Pritzker Architecture Prize. I suddenly realized that I’ve done many things over the last decade. It proves that earnest hard work and persistence lead to positive outcomes.”
The distinguished jury that selected the 2012 Pritzker Laureate consists of its chairman, The Lord Palumbo, internationally known architectural patron of London, chairman of the trustees, Serpentine Gallery, former chairman of the Arts Council of Great Britain, former chairman of the Tate Gallery Foundation, and former trustee of the Mies van der Rohe Archive at the Museum of Modern Art, New York; and alphabetically: Alejandro Aravena, architect and executive director of Elemental in Santiago, Chile; Stephen Breyer, U.S. Supreme Court Justice, Washington, D.C.; Yung Ho Chang, architect and educator, Beijing, The People’s Republic of China; Zaha Hadid, architect and 2004 Pritzker Laureate; Glenn Murcutt, architect and 2002 Pritzker Laureate of Sydney, Australia; Juhani Pallasmaa, architect, professor and author of Helsinki, Finland; and Karen Stein, writer, editor and architectural consultant in New York. Martha Thorne, associate dean for external relations, IE School of Architecture, Madrid, Spain, is the executive director of the prize.
The late Philip Johnson was the first Pritzker Laureate in 1979. The late Luis Barragán of Mexico was named in 1980. The late James Stirling of the United Kingdom was elected in 1981, Kevin Roche in 1982, Ieoh Ming Pei in 1983, and Richard Meier in 1984. Hans Hollein of Austria was the 1985 Laureate. Gottfried Böhm of Germany received the prize in 1986. The late Kenzo Tange was the first Japanese architect to receive the prize in 1987; Fumihiko Maki was the second from Japan in 1993; and Tadao Ando the third in 1995. Robert Venturi received the honor in 1991, and Alvaro Siza of Portugal in 1992. Christian de Portzamparc of France was elected Pritzker Laureate in 1994. The late Gordon Bunshaft of the United States and Oscar Niemeyer of Brazil, were named in 1988. Frank Gehry of the U.S. was the recipient in 1989, the late Aldo Rossi of Italy in 1990. In 1996, Rafael Moneo of Spain was the Laureate; in 1997 the late Sverre Fehn of Norway; in 1998 Renzo Piano of Italy, in 1999 Sir Norman Foster of the UK, and in 2000, Rem Koolhaas of the Netherlands. In 2001, two architects from Switzerland received the honor: Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron. Australian Glenn Murcutt received the prize in 2002. The late Jørn Utzon of Denmark was honored in 2003; Zaha Hadid of the UK in 2004; and Thom Mayne of the U.S. in 2005. Paulo Mendes da Rocha of Brazil was the Laureate in 2006, and Richard Rogers received the prize in 2007. Jean Nouvel of France was the Laureate in 2008. In 2009, Peter Zumthor of Switzerland received the award. In 2010, two Japanese architects were honored, partners Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa of SANAA, Inc. Last year, Eduardo Souto de Moura of Portugal was the laureate.
The field of architecture was chosen by the Pritzker family because of their keen interest in building due to their involvement with developing the Hyatt Hotels around the world; and because architecture was a creative endeavor not included in the Nobel Prizes. The procedures were modeled after the Nobels, with the final selection being made by the international jury with all deliberations and voting in secret. Nominations are continuous from year to year with hundreds of nominees from countries all around the world being considered each year.